Psychol. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. J. Pers. P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. Psychol. They exist in research on minority influence, too. Teaching as social influence: empowering teachers to become agents of social change. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. Psychol. They map on the reasons discussed earlier for strapping minority influence research in the Procrustean bed of the cognitive processing approach, which, along with serious logistic challenges, effectively eliminated time as a variable in this line of research. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 91121. Contact Us Soc. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. Eur. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). 6. Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. informational social influence because it happens when a person conforms to gain Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. New York: Cambridge University Press. 97, 811822. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). A. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (New York: Psychology Press), 321339. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(86)90022-3. Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). David, B., and Turner, J. C. (2001). Econometrica 47, 263291. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). Psychol. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). Rev. V. C. Ottati, R. S. Scott, J. Edwards, F. B. Bryant, L. Heath, and D. C. OConnell, et al. Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). a request to donate to a charitable organization. Levine, J. M., and Kaarbo, J. A study of minorities as victims. Number of studies on minority influence per decade. Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. (2001). Soc. 28, 640647. This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. Social influence: The role of consensus in attitudes and attitude change, in The Handbook of Attitudes and Attitude change. Manage. Members begin to question the validity of their existing views, and whether the minority view is in fact a more informed opinion than that held by the majority. Nemeth, C. J. Group Processes. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). Prislin, R. (2010). In the beginning, there was a minority. Psychol. Rev. What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/opinion/us-census-majority-minority.html, Joseph Prezioso/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. eds. The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Minorities who accept rather than challenge the status quo, so long as they themselves are not challenged, are a minority within the minority world. In his narrative histories published from 1885 to 1894, Roosevelt argued that as European immigrants were assimilated, their heritages were being absorbed into the American body, fusing Americans into a single people forged in the crucible of the frontier. 1, 195228. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. Despite his susceptibility to eugenics and racial theories of supremacy, Roosevelt also offers us a way forward. Minority influence affects group members differently. These were created by having a nave participant interact with a number of confederates, each of whom was trained to provide scripted responses during the course of the groups interaction. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.5, Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). Even a cursory analysis of just about any social change reveals that it takes time to alter social relations and social structure within a group. (New York: Academic Press), 175192. The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. J. Pers. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. Nemeth, C. J. Latan, B., and Nowak, A. 14, 755766. Bulletin Swisse des Psychologues 7, 36. About Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Social influence in groups, in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Those who are non-normative and few originate every social change, seeking to alter the mechanisms within the social structure, including social relations and social organization. Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. Mackie, D. M. (1987). The effects of this social change on the new majoritys reactions toward the group in which they prevailed were assessed immediately after the change, and one-, two-, three-, four- and five-weeks after the change. Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Conformity OBJ: 9.2D MSC: Remembering The Power of Minorities. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. Albert Bandura's influential Bobo doll experiments reveal how children imitate TV violence and the behavior of others. The country broadened the definition of white people enough to maintain power over African Americans and Asian people (and later Hispanics). Psychol. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130103. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. The number of members within a group expressing a minority opinion also affects the level of influence that they are able to exert on the remaining members. It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Soc. The effects of majority size on minority influence. In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. Influence of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a color perception task. Through a historical lens, being white in America today is like belonging to a once-exclusive social club that had to loosen its membership criteria to stay afloat. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Erlbaum), 193219. Soc. This unidirectional conceptualization postulated influence as flowing exclusively from a majority to a minority. Mere consensus effects in minority and majority influence, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. eds. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Inconsistency, or a difference of opinion amongst members of a minority, can result in other individuals rejecting the view. 68, 520. 67, 519. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door Leffet de cryptomnsie sociale [The social cryptomnesia effect]. The idea of minority influence is now a defining aspect in all conceptualizations of social influence, researched in parallel with majority influence (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Levine and Prislin, 2013). To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. What kind of social influence can. Others followed suit, accumulating findings that cast doubt on the conversion theory postulate about the unique nature of minority (vs. majority) influence processes (for a meta-analytical synthesis, see Wood et al., 1994; see also Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). Caporael, L. R., and Baron, R. M. (1997). Sci. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). His masterful analysis of change in practically every domain of human activity invariably diagnosed minority influence in its origin. Moscovici, S., and Prez, J. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Discover which Jungian Archetype your personality matches with this archetype test. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? Psychol. Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. Vol. Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. On the other hand, minorities motivated to be socially accepted need not necessarily seek converts to their position.5 Rather, they may pursue social change by advocating for tolerance. The Social Psychology of Protest. Emily is in a good mood. Soc. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. For all their valuable insights into an individuals cognitive responses to a minority advocacy, these approaches are not very informative about the role of minority influence in instigating social change. Minority influence, in Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. (eds.) Soc. Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration, London, Routledge: Taylor & Francis. There was a gradual realization that the Anglo-Protestant orientation of whiteness was unlikely to sustain a dominant majority indefinitely. The resultant increase, however mild, in positive reactions among minorities and continuing positive reactions among majorities should render the group changed via tolerance stronger than its counterpart changed via conversion (Hypothesis 3, see Agenda item 3). Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 209239. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. J. Pers. Rev. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: The suffragette movement, which sought to gain the right to vote for women in the UK in the early 20th Century. His book with a telling title Social influence and social change (Moscovici, 1976) emphasized the role minorities have historically played in instigating political, scientific, religious, and artistic change. 6. ed. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271564. Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. WebMultiple Choice It is thought that automatic mimicry of others occurs because of the principle of ________,which states that merely thinking about a behavior makes performing that behavior more likely. Mugny, G. (1982). (eds.) A rare empirical study of the dynamic nature of social influence focused on reciprocity of influence. Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. 2. eds. Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. J. Appl. The motives of a minority, as perceived by other individuals, can also affect the influence it is able to exert on the majority. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385. However, for some minorities (e.g., LGBT, ethnic, racial minorities), this path to social change is neither desirable nor feasible. Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. Intergroup Relat. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all The latter is simply too costly for a frequent-publication dictum (see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001). A., and Mugny, G. (1996). In this instance, groupthink can lead to the factory becoming uncompetitive, whilstits competitors adopt more efficient practices. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. c. public compliance. (2007). Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. Reflecting the broader social cognition orientation, this research has focused on cognitive responses to a minority (vs. majority) advocacy. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more Finally, different motives may call for different types of social change. As a result, the group should be weakened in the immediate aftermath of social change. J. Pers. Self-organizing social systems: necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of consolidation, clustering, and continuing diversity, in Progress in Communication Science: Persuasion. ^A complete list of publications on minority influence referenced here is available from the author upon request. It involves an individual or minority of a population persuading other members to accept their argument, even if this contradicts the more popular view held by the majority. As stated earlier, every social change is initially a minoritys idea.6 To understand motives behind minorities pursuit of social change, it is useful to compare their position to that of their majority counterparts. Soc. Moscovici found that the minority view expressed by the confederates influenced the participants opinions, particularly when the minority was consistent in its opinion (Moscovici et al, 1969). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. Psychol. Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. The Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. J. Pers. WebA minority opinion is an opinion by one or more judges in a legal case who disagree with the decision reached by the majority. Anyone can read what you share. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. Prislin, R., Boyle, S., Davenport, C., Farley, A., Jacobs, E., Michalak, J., et al. Future Americans will identify with new communities. Refining the agenda as further theoretical developments and empirical findings outline should be relatively easy. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 4059. Underreported, the number of mixed-race Americans increased nearly threefold in the past decade alone; 80 percent of intermarriages in the United States today unite non-Hispanic white partners with members of an ethnic or a racial minority. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. b. informational social influence. (1983). 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. 117, 497529. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. Maass et al (1982) found that, when a minority is seen as acting in its own self-interests or an individuals attempts at persuasion are perceived as being motivated by personal gain, other members are more likely to dismiss their opinions. eds. Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. When successful, these minorities redefine what is acceptable within groups boundaries. Majority versus minority influence, message processing, and attitude change: The source-context-elaboration model, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 19, 257276. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. Computational modeling and simulations suggest that indirect minority influence yields gradual social change and diversity, whereas cultural drift generates rapid social change and polarization in a society (Jung et al., 2021). J. Soc. S. Moscovici, A. Muchi-Faina, and A. Maas (Chicago: Nelson-Hall), 233251. eds. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents 22, 177189. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2).

Leah Name Puns, Pasta Tubes Crossword Clue 8 Letters, Articles M