convert numeric to packed decimal in sort

So here we get the sign, and it is readable, but we don't get a decimal point and we have a leading zero. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Enter 2 and 3 in the TO section of the panel, for example: CA File Master Plus -- Reformat your.CONVERT.LIB(REFORMAT), ------------------------------------------------------------------------------. So files becoming corrupt when we transfer packed decimal or binary data files in ASCII transfer type. Literature about the category of finitary monads. Support for NetApp SyncSort for z/OS, Visual SyncSort, SYNCINIT, SYNCLIST and SYNCTOOL. I used numeric-edited with chain of signs that gave me desired results. Are there any canonical examples of the Prime Directive being broken that aren't shown on screen? Your original post did not mention SORT nor any other method, specifically. 05 WS-DATE PIC 9(08) VALUE 20181119. By default, a 4-byte BI value produces a 10-byte ZD value,if you wish to modify . You can use use DFSORT's UFF or SFF formats to handle values like that and TO=PD to convert to packed decimal. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. 05 FILLER PIC X(01). The only method to get this done is to use a File Master Reformat data set, aka. Welcome to the Snap! By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. It's not them. packed to 5 bytes, the -ve sign should store as D in the last half byte. Why did US v. Assange skip the court of appeal? copybooks. How to check for #1 being either `d` or `h` with latex3? I have a numeric string like this: "123456" . After pressing enter you have to assign the "FROM" fields to the "TO" fields. Input File - MTHUSER.SORT.INPUT01 - FB file of 80 length I mean the input is 98666698 and the output should be 986666.98 . Bonus Flashback: April 28, 1998: Spacelab astronauts wake up to "Take a Chance on Me" by Abba (Read more Last Spark of the month. Effect of a "bad grade" in grad school applications. Ifyou want a binary value to made readable , you can do so by converting it to an equivalent Zoned Decimal. Created up-to-date AVAST emergency recovery/scanner drive Can you be more clear with an example? Converting Numeric fields to Different formats Using SORT, How to check your Z/OS Version on Mainframe, Sample COBOL Program Using Occurs Depending On, Introduction to CICS Channels and Containers. Scenario - Convert the first five byte ZD to FS in the input file. The remaining type 10 and type 20 records need not be converted. How do I merge two dictionaries in a single expression in Python? From the above I cannot tell what is working and what is not. can someone please help me with this. What does 'They're at four. How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? Note that the negative zones are in position 2; position 7 is positive. For example://your_job_card//REFMT EXEC PGM=CAWABATC,REGION=4M //STEPLIB DD DSN=your.FM110.CDBILOAD, // DISP=SHR //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUT1 DD DSN=your.CONVERT.INPUT, // DISP=SHR //SYSUT1O DD DSN=your.CONVERT.OUTPUT,// DISP=SHR //SYSIN DD * COPY , INFILE(SYSUT1), OUTFILE(SYSUT1O), REFFILE(your.CONVERT.LIB(REFORMAT)), REPLACEKEY(N) /* Now, when running the job and using the following three records input file:------------------------------------------------------------------------------.@record#01-----------------------------------------------------------------0013579889987FF6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666600246C953694B0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000------------------------------------------------------------------------------record#02-----------------------------------------------------------------0022229889987FF6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666600222C953694B0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000------------------------------------------------------------------------------record#03-----------------------------------------------------------------0033339889987FF6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666600333C953694B0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000------------------------------------------------------------------------------The OUTPUT will contain the numeric data:BROWSE your.CONVERT.OUTPUT Line 0000000000 Col 001 080Command ===> Scroll ===> CSR ********************************* Top of Data **********************************01234567record#01---------------------------------------------------------------02222222record#02---------------------------------------------------------------03333333record#03---------------------------------------------------------------******************************** Bottom of Data ********************************, https://techdocs.broadcom.com/content/broadcom/techdocs/us/en/ca-mainframe-software/devops/ca-filemaster-plus/11-0/using-batch/batch-reference-for-ca-file-master-plus/keywords/keyword-descriptions1.html#concept.dita_de213555aa271bc5db6b08bc7a3ffe71e3bb4084_REFFILE. Here is what I've done: Can someone explain why this point is giving me 8.3V? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Hi @VinDesai, in the code snippet which you've shown above, it looks like. Such a REFFILE will be created via File Master ISPF 3.11 menu, 11 REFORMAT Convert file from one record layout to another, How to convert packed decimal values to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooks, This document describes how packed decimal values (. I have come across a situation where the value coming in from record is in below format What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Formatting functions Manipulate the characters and spacing in strings supplied in the argument. My task is to convert this 8 byte numeric field into a packed decimal of 5 bytes, thats S9(9) comp-3. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! The problem I have is that people can explain things quickly but I can only comprehend slowly. I've been doing help desk for 10 years or so. This character could be 'd' if the number is negative signed, 'c' if it is positive signed or 'f' if the number is not signed. How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. Have you looked at the questions in the packed-decimal tag? Is there a generic term for these trajectories? Literature about the category of finitary monads. I know, when we use DISPLAY it shows you unpacked decimal with its sign byte. Thank you @SrinivasanJv . This gets a little messy, because } is a zoned decimal negative zero, which isn't as straightforward to work with as other negative numbers. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. It's not them. rev2023.4.21.43403. Once your file is ready, here is the code to convert packed decimal to human readable decimal. . by dick scherrer Wed Oct 23, 2013 9:45 pm, by Akatsukami Wed Oct 23, 2013 10:02 pm, by dick scherrer Wed Oct 23, 2013 11:22 pm, by Akatsukami Thu Oct 24, 2013 12:04 am, Support for NetApp SyncSort for z/OS, Visual SyncSort, SYNCINIT, SYNCLIST and SYNCTOOL. Re: Conversion to packed decimal. Your daily dose of tech news, in brief. You can either use 'ZD,TO=PD' or 'ZD,PD' depending upon the Sort product/version your shop has. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The low-order byte is X'F0', so the packed decimal number is given a sign of X'F', normalized to X'C'. OUTREC used to convert the numeric fields from one type to another type. Conversion functions Convert one type of data representation to another type of data representation. Which one to choose? Thank you Bill and sorry for late response.Actually I am getting this Packed decimal data from mainframe data files.I got utility written in java which unpacks PD data into long and packs it again.But this utility will fail while running with COMP-3 packed data.So trying to resolve it. REFFILE.Such a REFFILE will be created via File Master ISPF 3.11 menu("11 REFORMAT Convert file from one record layout to another"). e.g. WS-PREMIUM having value +1234.10 will be stored in as x'0123410C' or Here's a DFSORT job that will do what you asked for. 02 FIELD1-NUM PIC 9(06)V99. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Running shell command and capturing the output. So with the extra signs, the sign becomes floating so you don't get spaces any more (or leading zeroes). but a letter is added at the end. COBOL DATATYPE CONVERSION: Number to Packed Numeric, Packed Date COMP-3, how to convert decimal to Packed decimal/COMP-3, Format decimal number with digit grouping and limit the number of digits, Having trouble unpacking Comp-3 in .Net. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? Why can't the change in a crystal structure be due to the rotation of octahedra? The OUTPUT will contain the numeric data: BROWSE your.CONVERT.OUTPUT Line 0000000000 Col 001 080. Re: Conversion to packed decimal. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Yeah, i wondered about that, but did not know how the "result" was determined with the "}" "helping" with the result . 0) SORT is not JCL, and it has no more relation to JCL than any other existing utility/program/module 1) Your sample output is not packed decimal, it is a simple character string.To implement this example you would need just to concatenate character string C'.00' to previous 4-character string from your data. One copybook for the source data structure and one for the new data structure.For example: 01 DATAREC1OLD. Also include sufficient data values. I need to write code in python which will convert packed decimal data to zoned decimal or decimal data.If anybody already have written function for it please help me with it. Content Discovery initiative April 13 update: Related questions using a Review our technical responses for the 2023 Developer Survey, C#: Convert COMP-3 Packed Decimal to Human-Readable Value, Interpreting COMP-3 Packed Decimal Fields into numeric values, int value under 10 convert to string two digit number. The low-order byte contains one digit in the leftmost portion and the sign (positive or negative) in the rightmost portion. This value should be written to file with its sign as +1234.10$ or -1234.10$. Zoned decimal equivalent in Syncsort for DB2 decimal datatyp by Prasanna G Thu Apr 16, 2015 7:46 am 5 Replies 2328 Views Last post by BillyBoyo Thu Apr 16, 2015 12:29 pm Packed Decimal Subtraction by krbnsol Mon Aug 01, 2022 12:26 pm 2 Replies 1308 Views Last post by sergeyken Mon Aug 01, 2022 10:37 pm What does the "yield" keyword do in Python? Reference : https://www.codeproject.com/Tips/673240/EBCDIC-to-ASCII-Converter. I am seeking code to read a text file which is in packed decimal (Comp -3) numeric value which was created in main frames system and is 8 characters, but holds a 13 digit number in packed decimal format. Unfortunately I can not help you then. Flashback: April 28, 2009: Kickstarter website goes up (Read more HERE.) To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Can we use the same code using PGM=SORT ? In the example that I've shown, the PIC clause of numeric edited field (WS-B) has got +ve sign, whereas the input value is -ve. Can I general this code to draw a regular polyhedron? To find your encoding cpxxxx value look in this table or in your emulate terminal or COBOL IDE (openCOBOL indicate it in the bottom right corner). Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. IBMMainframes.com is not an official and/or affiliated with IBM. Which was the first Sci-Fi story to predict obnoxious "robo calls"? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Obtaining a signed value when updating triler using TRLUPD. Parabolic, suborbital and ballistic trajectories all follow elliptic paths. DISPLAY clause will anyway unpack and shows it. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? 9(07) is odd, 7 divided by 2 is 3.5, rounded to 4 and filling the 0.5 space with the letter. For reference I added how the data inside the file looks like: The ASCII transfer type will transfer the files as regular text files. There are letter characters aside from sign character inside Comp-3 value, Convert a double value to Packed decimal COBOL format PIC S9(5)V9(4) COMP-3/Packed decimal COBOL format PIC S9(3)V9(4) COMP-3 format in JAVA, Read packed decimal and convert to numeric in spring boot, How to create a virtual ISO file from /dev/sr0. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? Why is "1000000000000000 in range(1000000000000001)" so fast in Python 3? g3T7000080. I have tried the following on IBM mainframe COBOL, and got these results. Specifies the field1 target format length. 02 FILLER PIC X(72). PD format for the field if want to test for packed decimal numeric (0-9for all digits; F, D or C for the sign). Counting and finding real solutions of an equation. VASPKIT and SeeK-path recommend different paths. 565), Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I have tried the following on IBM mainframe COBOL, and got these results. Content Discovery initiative April 13 update: Related questions using a Review our technical responses for the 2023 Developer Survey, Converting mainframe byte zip code to varchar or string. I am more concern about writing it to file. Your post has been split and cross-referenced. Joined: 27 Dec 2002 Posts: 46 Topics: 15: Posted: Fri Jul 11, 2003 7:20 am Post subject: Convert from Packed decimal to numeric using sort: Hi, We need to convert a PIC S9(09) COMP field to PIC 9 . Has depleted uranium been considered for radiation shielding in crewed spacecraft beyond LEO? What was the actual cockpit layout and crew of the Mi-24A? This character could be 'd' if the number is negative signed, 'c' if it is positive signed or 'f' if the number is not signed. Try Sort with Edit mask. Conversion to packed decimal. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, I have added the image of how the file looks like in the question, @VijenderReddyChintalapudi why are you using, I was suspicious on the way i am reading the file, can you help on how to read the file while passing to Unpack method ? I think I am not clear in the above question. We may end up getting negative results which should be printed in file. What is the Russian word for the color "teal"? Posted: Tue May 08, 2007 11:25 pm. OPTION COPY OUTREC FIELDS= (1,4,BI,TO=ZD) The TO=ZD parameter converts the 4 byte binary fields to its equivalent zoned decimal value in the output file. REFFILE. Write a program to read in each record, convert the amount to packed decimal, and write to a new file. How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. I have had this message pop up for one of my old clients I still do support for and I am still the Admin for on their 365 system. Is there an existing gem or script that converts comp-3/packed decimal format to number? Thank you so much for your help. You can convert data to itsHEX or BI equivalent using the TRAN function in your sort card . Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? can be converted to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooks. How to convert packed decimal values to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooksThis document describes how packed decimal values (Computational-3) can be converted to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooks.The only method to get this done is to use a File Master Reformat data set, aka. Here I reframe it again. Note: it's not duplicated as I am looking for code that can read a file and pass a parameter to Unpack method. Why typically people don't use biases in attention mechanism? (it would be a 13 digit number on each line of the file), Read a packed decimal (Comp-3) number value which is 8 characters; but holds a 13 digit number and convert to 13 digits numeric value, https://www.codeproject.com/Tips/673240/EBCDIC-to-ASCII-Converter. 2014 - 2023 Mainframestechhelp. That is a File Master 3.11 Reformat example:------------------ CA File Master Plus -- Dataset Reformat ------------------OPTION ===> BLANK - Update Reformat Control Parms E - Execute Reformat Reformat "FROM": Dataset name ===> 'your.CONVERT.INPUT' Member name ===> Layout DSN ===> 'your.CONVERT.LIB' Layout member ===> CPYBK#O1 Reformat "TO": Dataset name ===> 'your.CONVERT.OUTPUT' Member name ===> Layout DSN ===> 'your.CONVERT.LIB' Layout member ===> CPYBK#N1 Replace Keys ===> N ('Y' to replace duplicate keys in KSDS) Reformat Control Parm: Dataset name ===> 'your.CONVERT.LIB' Member name ===> REFORMAT Execution mode ===> E O = Online S = Submit JCL E = Edit JCL After pressing enter you have to assign the "FROM" fields to the "TO" fields. So now we don't have a leading zero (but do have a leading space). 01 DATAREC1NEW. This topic has been locked by an administrator and is no longer open for commenting. Evaluate numbers from the argument and return a particular value. I have a single type 30 record that contains a numeric of 8 bytes with leading zeros compressed starting from position 3 till position 10 in the record. Looking for job perks? FYI, I've just fixed the link for sample code snippet. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. 02 FILLER PIC X(72). Is it safe to publish research papers in cooperation with Russian academics? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. All Rights Reserved. Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. Would you ever say "eat pig" instead of "eat pork"? rev2023.4.21.43403. Since you're going from an 8-byte field to a 5-byte field, I overlaid 3 blanks after the 5-byte field. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Do you really want to convert Zoned-Decimal; Zoned-Decimal is different between the Mainframe (-121 = 12J) and Ascii-Cobols (121 = 12Q). Tikz: Numbering vertices of regular a-sided Polygon. Proper way to declare custom exceptions in modern Python? ', referring to the nuclear power plant in Ignalina, mean? Enter 2 and 3 in the TO section of the panel, for example:CA File Master Plus -- Reformat your.CONVERT.LIB(REFORMAT) COMMAND ===> SCROLL ===> CSR FROM Record ------------ CPYBK#O1 of your.CONVERT.LIB --------------Num Field Name Pos Format Row 1 of 3 1 DATAREC1OLD 1 78 2 FIELD1-PCK 1 P 8.2 3 FILLER 7 C 72 *************************** Bottom of Record Layout *************************** TO Record ------------ CPYBK#N1 of your.CONVERT.LIB --------------Num Field Name Pos Format Reformat Row 1 of 3 1 DATAREC1NEW 1 80 2 FIELD1-NUM 1 N 6.2 2 3 FILLER 9 C 72 3 *************************** Bottom of Record Layout ***************************After pressing enter the numbers will be automatically translated to the field names.Press PF3 and type E now.You will see the JCL now. The below are the list of numeric formats -. Why does Acts not mention the deaths of Peter and Paul? Specifies field1 starting position in the input file after sorting. If you want a packed-decimal number to be human-readable with a sign then you will need to convert it into another format, a numeric-edited format. That is a File Master 3.11 Reformat example: ------------------ CA File Master Plus -- Dataset Reformat ------------------. What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? mentioning a dead Volvo owner in my last Spark and so there appears to be no PD values are stored as integers in a compressed internal format but if you know what kind of value is stored in the filed you can use the EDIT feature of DFSORT to make these readable, the EDIT feature also allows you to insert comas , hyphens to make the fields more interpretable as well. In COBOL, how to convert sign comp-3 value to a readable format along with sign. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. WS-PREMIUM having value -1234.10 will be stored in as x'0123410D'. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Why in the Sierpiski Triangle is this set being used as the example for the OSC and not a more "natural"? Anyway, I saw in my test that OpenCOBOL don't follow this rule and fill ever. OUTREC FIELDS=(starting position of field1, length of field1, field1 source format, TO . Packed decimal numbers occupy approximately half the disk storage space required by unpacked decimal numbers. This should help you. You can either use 'ZD,TO=PD' or 'ZD,PD' depending upon the Sort product/version your shop has. How to convert packed decimal values to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooks This document describes how packed decimal values (Computational-3) can be converted to numeric values via File Master using COBOL copybooks.The only method to get this done is to use a File Master Reformat data set, aka. I just need to convert the type 30 record. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. One of the more interesting events of April 28th Also i cannot define sign + or - in program since it will be depending on the computational values. rev2023.4.21.43403. Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? Now i want to write this to a Report file((Lets say Daily Premium file). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The remaining type 10 and type 20 records need not be converted. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Leading - signs cause a hexadecimal D to be stored in the lower half of the last internal digit. Location: San Jose, CA. Convert from Packed decimal to numeric using sort Goto page 1, 2 Next MVSFORUMS.com Forum Index-> Utilities: View previous topic:: View next topic . Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? I need to write code in python which will convert packed decimal data to zoned decimal or decimal data.If anybody already have written function for it please . Frank Yaeger - DFSORT Development Team (IBM) -, http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html, http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss? For example, if your character value was in positions 1-15, you could use these DFSORT control statements: Code: OPTION COPY. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Type of record is present in the first 2 bytes of the record. By the looks of the product, Informatica should be able to do it. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. packed decimal to zoned decimal or decimal conversion python, sourceforge.net/projects/stingrayreader/?source=directory. 01 DETAIL-LINE. Thanks in advance ! I have added sample code which i used and the result should look like - DATE PREMIUM 20181119 +1224.05. ', referring to the nuclear power plant in Ignalina, mean? There are letter characters aside from sign character inside Comp-3 value. The Binary transfer type will transfer the data in binary mode which handles the files as binary data instead of text data. How to have multiple colors with a single material on a single object? What does 'They're at four. The ascii table file is normally available under /usr/pub in Solaris. Packed-decimal format means that each byte of storage (except for the low order byte) can contain two decimal numbers. convert x123c ==> '123c') which can be converted to a number very easily or manipulate the nybbles. oc One of my customers reported that someone took over his computer, was moving the mouse, closing windows, etc. In the name of God, go!" On what basis are pardoning decisions made by presidents or governors when exercising their pardoning power? I let you both programs python and COBOL in this GitHub repo. If you want a packed-decimal number to be human-readable with a sign then you will need to convert it into another format, a numeric-edited format. On whose turn does the fright from a terror dive end? Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? copybooks. In case you do not know Packed-decimal is represented like (123 = x'123c'). Input File - MTHUSER.SORT.INPUT01 - FB file of 80 length. You might have to check PICTURE clause editing in COBOL. "You have sat too long for any good . REFFILE. Thus, Syncsort interprets the whole as a positive number. Looking for job perks? Sample data in the file looks like: The ascii table is anyway available in UNIX. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! reason not to focus solely on death and destruction today. Short story about swapping bodies as a job; the person who hires the main character misuses his body, Limiting the number of "Instance on Points" in the Viewport. Can my creature spell be countered if I cast a split second spell after it? Hello! OUTREC: arithmetic with numeric and constants, OUTREC: Reformatting records with OVERLAY, OUTREC: Reformatting records with FINDREP, OUTFIL: Creating multiple identical copies, OUTFIL: Updating counts and totals in trailer. These final character only appear as filler when the length is odd. I just need to convert the type 30 record. Looking for job perks? OUTREC used to convert the numeric fields from one type to another type. I was searching this forum for the answer but what could i found is the pre-defined sign variable in the report section whereas what i am looking for is run time identification of sign by looking at last nibble and write to a file accordingly. These final character . Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. One copybook for the source data structure and one for the new data structure. Please include the source code that you have tried, what results that gives, and what your expected result should look like. S before the digits indicates a leading sign. convert Decimal to Packed-decimal ron, November 03, 2006 - 11:33 am UTC . Ramanath, It's not clear what exactly you want the output to look like when you replace the 11 byte field with a 5 byte field, but assuming you want the 5-byte PD field in positions 11-15 and 16-25 replaced with blanks, you can use a DFSORT job like the following: I have 3 kinds of records in my file - type 10, type 20 and type 30. 15 ws-CHARGE OCCURS 10 TIMES PIC S9 (07)V99 COMP-3. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. I would prefer to use sort (PGM=SORT) if possible. Do not tail-gate old topics. It depends on how are you storing the packaged data, but definitely the best way to do it is coding a COBOL decoder from COMP-3 to numeric or alphanumeric, It will simply be: Although, if you can't nor want to do it, here are some options determined by how are you saving the data: As you can see, the character printed are exactly the same, but a letter is added at the end. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. NIntegrate failed to converge to prescribed accuracy after 9 \ recursive bisections in x near {x}. Can you explain where the packed-decimal data is coming from, and why they can't just give you character data? The standard signs are used: hexadecimal F for positive numbers and hexadecimal D for negative numbers.

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