Entiat officially incorporated as a fourth-class municipality (town) on April 17, 1944. 2022 by Entiat Historical Society. Entiat was officially incorporated on April 25, 1944. Some private homes were moved to higher ground behind the second Entiat, or north to the new townsite, and the remaining buildings in the old town were razed or burned. Entiat River"). My great-grandfather, Chief Chilcosahaskt, remained at the Entiat Valley and my grandfather Lahompt (Chief Koxit George) was the first of our family to move to the Reservation. In addition to the Entiat, the tribes are known in English as the Colville, the Nespelem, the Sanpoil, the Lake (Sinixt), the Palus, the Wenatchi, the Chelan, the Methow, the southern Okanagan, the Sinkiuse-Columbia, and the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph's Band. After the arrival of the horse, Plateau tribes faced more competition from the Plains Indians and Indians from the Great Basin. We are greatly honored that Wendell has given us permission to use words from his book , Last Chief Standing , to tell the story of the Entiat Tribe from his tribe's perspective. The Wenatchi people originally lived west of the Columbia River, in the Wenatchee River Valley. He was never allowed to move back to his homeland. The Chelan speak English. The Entiat Improvement Company was the major commercial center at that time. We proposed to him a new exhibit about the Entiat Tribe. Sometimes they were referred to as Summerville Indians. One cannot doubt that along this line will grow the differ-entiation among the anarcho-syndicalists. It was the homeland of the Entiat, one of the smallest tribes of several Salish-speaking groups that dwelled along the course of the Columbia in what is now Eastern Washington. 116 years to be exact. Located west of the Columbia River, north of the Wenatchee River, . The Methow originally lived in and around the Methow River Valley. The Wenatchee tribe (also spelled Wenatchi) lived along the Wenatchee River, which flowed from the Cascades into the Columbia. In addition to the Chelan, the tribes are known, in English, as the Colville, the Nespelem, the Sanpoil, the Sinixt (Arrow Lakes people), the Palus, the Wenatchi, the Entiat, the Methow, the Southern Okanagan (Sinkaietk), the Sinkiuse-Columbia (Moses-Columbia), the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph's band, and the Wapato's. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the high open range around the Entiat and Mad rivers was prime grazing land for sheep, and later for cattle and horses. The Syilx People of the Okanagan Nation are a trans-boundary tribe separated at the 49th parallel by the border between Canada and the United States. WikiMatrix. The Entiat people are a Native American tribe who exclusively used and occupied an area extending from the Columbia River to the Cascade Mountains along the drainage system of the Entiat River. The Entiat indians are known to make beautiful baskets, which where made out of grass. The land is currently incorporated into Wenatchee National Forest at the confluence of the Wenatchee River and Icicle Creek near Leavenworth. John Detwiler and his family left the area within a year, but Lewis Detwiler farmed his homestead for about a decade. In 1899 (some sources say 1901) Charles C. King (1859-1938), who had volunteered to be Entiat's first postmaster, built a second store, which also housed the post office. Bonds between villages and between tribes were strengthened by shared habitat, shared language, intermarriage, and similar customs and values. The Haida are an American Indian group whose traditional territory covered the Queen Charlotte Islands off the coast of British Columbia and a section of the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska.The name "Haida" is an Anglicized version of the Northern Haida's name for themselves, meaning "to be human, to be a Haida." Subsequently, most modern day Wenatchis are found living on the Colville Indian Reservation, with a small number living on the Yakama Reservation. There were 421 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.6% were non-families. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. In 1912, as the population in the region increased and its fruit industry expanded, the Great Northern began surveying a route that would carry the railroad to as far north as Oroville near the Canadian border. The Colville lived in the area between the Kettle and Columbia Rivers south to the mouth of the Spokane River. The challenges faced by early settlers struggling to create communities in the wilderness is usually fodder for the most compelling stories about the history of small towns, and Entiat is no different. The Entiat people are a Native American tribe who exclusively used and occupied an area extending from the Columbia River to the Cascade Mountains along the drainage system of the Entiat River. The presentation will include rarely seen tribal photographs and George's unique perspective as the grandson of chiefs who became the first of his family to graduate from college. The first recorded plat for Entiat that can be located in Chelan County records was filed in 1905. Several historians accept that the chief was born in 1788, and he died in 1903. But its people persevered, and between 1970 and 2020 the town's population more than tripled. 1890, Map, three locations of Entiat between 1897 and 1961, Looking north, Entiat City Park, Lake Entiat (Rocky Reach Dam reservoir). The population density was 700.6 people per square mile (269.7/km2). We have bits and pieces of the story, but told from the settlers' point of view. We are greatly honored thatWendell has given us permission to use words fromhis book ,Last Chief Standing, to tell the story of the Entiat Tribe from his tribe's perspective. In 1906 the Entiat Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated by Frank E. Knapp and two partners, and by 1908 its lines ran 15 miles up the Entiat Valley. language Salishan languages, English language population place Washington (state) related Share. "We are from the Entiat tribe, which is one of the 12 tribes making up the Colville Confederated Tribes. Lucy Friedlander Covington (1910-1982) was born in Nespelem on the Colville Indian Reservation and was a lifelong advocate for Colville tribal rights and land, becoming well-known and nationally respected for her fight against the federal policy of termination. Under that grant, the federal government would hold title to the land "in trust" for 25 years, meaning that the chief would not be free to sell it without permission until 1921. Today the Syilx Okanagan People continue to assert their jurisdiction and responsibility over the stewarding of their land, resources and quality of life of their citizens. Of particular relevance to the Entiat Tribe, in 1879 the Moses Columbia Reservation was formed, with the canny Columbia chief, Moses (ca. In that same year a wagon road was completed between Wenatchee and Twisp, passing through Entiat and easing its isolation. When you become a member you are insuring that the story of Entiat will not be forgotten. The Keystone Fruit Company opened for business in the valley in 1910. This made it clear that if any riverside towns were to be served by the railroad, they would be on its west bank. The population density was 527.0 inhabitants per square mile (203.5/km2). Detwiler appealed to David Freer (1836-1888), who was married to one of Chilcosahaskt's daughters, to intervene. They lived around the Columbia River and could be found all the way up the Cascade Mountains. But four decades later, events that were unforeseeable for most of the town's existence would force its people to pull up stakes and move again. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. The content is copyrighted to The Meaning and may not be reproduced on other websites. If the year of his birth is accurate, he had a remarkable lifespan of approximately 116 years. Trivia. Entiat City Park is nice place to do either. In 1960, Rocky Reach Dam was constructed downriver from Entiat, much of the town had to be relocated to higher ground due to the rising waters behind the dam. The fishery was named as a reservation site in the Yakama treaty from the Walla Walla Council (1855), and the boundaries were surveyed and designated by Army personnel in subsequent years. [citation needed]. The men would do men work and women would do the household chores. Entiat Tribe Exhibit coming to the Museum on Opening Day, Saturday, May 27, 2023 Updated: Mar 1 Last year, we invited Wendell George to join us at the Entiat Museum. Wendell George is a member of the Colville Confederated Tribes and is now retired after many careers such as helping land a man on the moon as an engineer for Boeing, tribal planner, elected tribal Councilman, tribal corporation CEO, author, owner and operator of a 100-acre apple orchard and a 150-head cattle ranch. E.P. Entiat River") and the Sinialkumuh Band of Entiat were often classed as "Wenatchi" or "P'squosa". The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.27. There were 400 housing units at an average density of 292.8 per square mile (112.7/km2). "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Washington: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019", "2020 United States Census Profile: Entiat, Washington", "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entiat,_Washington&oldid=1147338408, This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 09:00. Long Jims father was Innomeseecha, who was also a leader of the Chelan. Aerial view, Entiat, Columbia River at top, Entiat River lower right, En-ti-atqua (Entiat) River confluence (bottom left) with Columbia River, 1882, Entiat Valley, Lewis Detwiler at cabin, ca. The years following the arrival of the Detwilers, Bonars, and Cannons saw a slow but steady increase in non-Native settlement on and near the Entiat River. The resulting wars between the 1840s to the 1870s were the final push to tame the West. The traditional territory of the Moses-Columbia consisted of approximately 4.3 million acres. Janie Hollingsworth, an early settler born in 1911, remembers fondly growing up with the daughter of the Wenatchi Chief in the Nahahum Canyon area, riding horses together happily until the government decided to round up all the Indians and put them in existing reservations. Chiliwhist Jim was a prominent medicine man and spiritual leader from the Malott Area. In 1868 two travelers from what is now Ellensburg encountered a dark-skinned man called Big Antoine, possibly a former employee of the Hudson's Bay Company and of Hawaiian origin, washing for gold near the Entiat River. Many groups lived from Field's Point to the First Creek drain into the lake (now a WA State Park), the Watson's Resort, Granite Falls, Sunnybank drainage, Minneapolis Beach, Laferties Landing or Resort, and the area referred to as Lakeside. A Christian Church was built in 1902, a Quaker Church came in 1906, and the First Presbyterian Church was established in 1913. (Chilcosahaskt had been exposed to Catholic theology in 1874 by Father Urban Grassi, who had started a mission among the Wenatchi Tribe.) In 1892, to the chagrin of Orondo and other nearby towns on the east bank of the Columbia River, the Great Northern Railway built a bridge to cross the river at Rock Island, about 10 miles south of today's Wenatchee. The Entiat Improvement Company was the major commercial center at that time. The Entiat school opened in 1916 in its current location. That treaty was the first of several that the federal government imposed on the tribes living along the Columbia in Eastern Washington during the second half of the nineteenth century. The Okanogan traditional territory is comprised of the drainage system of the Okanogan and Chewuch rivers, as well as the Sinlahekin Valley. When filled the lake would be 43 miles in length and encompass 9,100 acres. Entiat /n(t)it/ is a city in Chelan County, Washington, United States. The town is situated between the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountain range, Lake Entiat and the Entiat River. The Chelan Indians often traded mountain goat wool for dried clams and salmon, or for seashells, which they used for future trade or ornamentation. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Perhaps uniquely, Entiat has had to move twice since its founding in the 1890s, forced first by fire and, 40 years later, by inundation when the Rocky Reach Dam was completed. Chief Chilcosahaskt had kept several of Big Antoine's peach trees, and in 1893 William F. Cannon (1854-1928) planted the valley's first commercial orchard. The trail follows the river for the first 7+ miles to 5,800 ft at which point it turns sharply right (east) to ascend a half-a-mile or so to a junction with the Pyramid Mountain Trail at 6,600 ft. All of Cheryls chosen papers, books and documents are dated in the early 1900s. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The Entiat Power Plant opened for business in 1908. The last to sink was the sternwheeler Pringle in 1907; later that same year, crews led by Major Hiram M. Chittenden (1858-1917), who later would play a key role in the development of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, began taming the rapids by clearing the rocks with explosives. The Cannons' daughter, Dema, was the first white child born in the Entiat Valley. The Palus territory extended from the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers in the west. Entiat's first significant industries were logging trees and milling lumber, and at various times there were up to 11 mills operating in the drainage basin of the Entiat River, the timber used for homes, commercial buildings, fruit boxes, irrigation flumes, and railroad ties. The Confederated Tribes have over 9,000 descendants from 12 aboriginal tribes. Following the establishment and reallocation of lands of the Colville Indian Reservation, Wenatchi Chief John Harmelt was supported by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce people in lobbying for federal protection of Wenatchi rights to the fishery. These boats, which could carry more than 100 passengers and tons of freight, made a stop at a sand bar just north of the mouth of the Entiat River. Crossing between the glaciers and cliffs on the crest of the mountains, they descended through the tall forests to the land of the Skagit tribes. One at Willow Point, near Manson, had up to 500 occupants. The name derives from the traditional Wenatchi name Tsi-Laan meaning "deep water". Most sources place the founding of the town in 1897, when what is now Chelan County was still part of Okanogan County, but there is no township plat to be found in the records of the Okanogan County Auditor. In 1883, in an agreement between Moses and the federal government, the Moses Columbia Reservation ceased to exist. Lewis Detwiler was well-traveled, having lived in Wisconsin, Kansas, Wyoming, and Montana before arriving in Douglas County in 1883 and claiming a homestead south of Orondo. The Entiat regarded Cannon as a holy man and trusted him. There, in 1897, Ely opened a store and a hotel, and this is credited by historians as the origin of the town of Entiat. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL. Moreover, the Chelan people also described themselves as ntiytkx ("People from the place of grassy water/Gras in Water, i.e. Haida. The following year Moses agreed to move with his people to the Colville Reservation, which had been created in 1872 by an executive order of President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 37 views 0 comments. With the exception of a scattering of Chinese miners and Big Antoine, it appears that until the mid-1880s the region was inhabited exclusively by several Indian tribes, notably the Wenatchi, Entiat, Columbia, and Chelan. The Chelan (pronounced sha-lan) are an Interior Salish people speaking the Wenatchi dialect, though separate from that tribe. All rights reserved. His great-grandfather, Chilcosahaskt, was Chief of the Entiat tribe, his grandfather, Lahompt, started the first family cattle ranch and his dad, Moses, was elected to the first Tribal Council. The Confederated Tribes have over 9,000 descendants from 12 aboriginal tribes. But there was a lingering problem -- heirs of Chief Chilcosahaskt were pursuing a claim that much of the land upon which the second Entiat sat belonged to them, and not to the Entiat Townsite Company. The name comes from the Entiat tribe. The Sinkiuse tribes populated the northern portion of Eastern Washington. The tribe also roamed widely through central and north-central Washington, from Kettle Falls in the north to the Yakima River in the south to the slopes of the Cascade Mountains in the west. Rune stones using Tree of Dreaming. The median income for a household in the city was $33,450, and the median income for a family was $37,083. [2], Another survey was commissioned in 1893, but federal agent L.T. Dedicated packing sheds and warehouses sprouted up, and when the railroad came through in 1914 fruit warehouses and cold-storage facilities were built adjacent to the tracks. We are also honored to be working with Artist Cheryl Grunlose, a member of the Lakes, Wenatchee, and Entiat bands of the Colville Confederated Tribes. The Entiat (Sintia'tkumuk, Sintiatqkumuhs, Inti-etook, Intietooks[1]) are a Native American tribe who exclusively used and occupied an area extending from the Columbia River to the Cascade Mountains along the drainage system of the Entiat River. It is the least scenic (forest-bound river views notwithstanding) of the three approaches but the most direct. Intertribal war in the area faded out as alliances were made to fight their common enemies. The non-Native history of Entiat properly begins in Douglas County, where in 1887 Dr. John Brown Smith (1837-1917) filed the first plat for the town of Orondo on the opposite (east) bank of the Columbia. ), a bachelor, and his brother John, who was married and had one child. The Land of the Entiat The Entiat River begins just below Mount Fernow's Entiat Glacier and flows approximately 50 miles to its confluence with the Columbia River. However, in 1902 Chilcosahaskt, at his request and pursuant to another statute, was granted a patent-in-fee to the land, which gave him full and clear title and the legal right to dispose of it when and as he wished. Most of the original buildings were razed or moved to a location north of the original town. The Lakes territory centered around the upper Columbia River, possibly reaching as far north as the Big Bend of the Columbia, north of Revelstoke, British Columbia. Ten years earlier, and perhaps unbeknownst to its citizens, a section of the Columbia River known as Rocky Reach, about nine miles south of the mouth of the Entiat River, had been identified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a potential site for a dam that could supply both electrical power and irrigation. Wendell has given us permission to use his books, words and photos to tell the story of the Entiat Tribe as told in his book. In 1886, a year before the arrival of the first non-Native settlers, he hired William Sanders (1861-1908) and Henry Domke, who earlier that year had become the first white settlers on Lake Chelan, to build it for him. ethnic group group=Entiat poptime= popplace=flagcountry|United States (Washington) rels= langs=English, Salishan related=Colville, Nespelem, Sanpoil, Sinixt, Palus, Wenatchi, Chelan, Methow, southern Okanagan, Sinkiuse Columbia, and the Nez Perce The Entiat lived in the Entiat River Valley. Orondo was the supply and marketing center for Entiat's earliest settlers, and most who lived in the region assumed that when the railroad inevitably worked its way west from Spokane, it would run along the east bank of the Columbia River and pass through Orondo, all but guaranteeing its prosperity. The history of the Entiat tribe and my great-grandfather Chilcosahaskt was little known until recently when Chelan County Public Utility District and the town of Entiat began an extensive upgrade of Entiat Park. Ledger artists, inspired by centuries-old line drawings and pictographs, work with introduced paper materials such as ledgers or journal books. This is the reservoir formed behind Rocky Reach Dam. 32-22; "Surveying New Line," The Seattle Times, February 2, 1900, p. 7; "Road to Oroville Is Located," Ibid., July 23, 1906, p. 5; "New Corporations," Ibid., August 11, 1906, p. 3; "Steamer Pringle Sinks in the Entiat River," October 10, 1906, p. 17; "Major H. M. Chittenden, U.S.A., to Start Work of Blowing Out Rocks in Rapids of Entiat and Methow," Ibid., September 24, 1907, p. 9; "New Power Plant Soon Will Light Wenatchee," Ibid., November 14, 1909, p. 21; "Indians Are Declared Owners of Entiat Town," Ibid., November 6, 1914, p. 21; "Trains up Columbia in Three Weeks," The Leavenworth Echo, June 27, 1913, p. 1; Entiat Delta Orchards Co. v. Unknown Heirs of Saska, 99 Wash. 84, 168 P. 1130 (1917); Phyllis Griffith, email to John Caldbick, May 19, 2020, in possession of John Caldbick, Langley, Washington; Excerpt, Wendell George email to Entiat Community Historial Society, copy in possession of Esther Dalgas, Entiat; "Lahempt,"U.S.Indian Census Rolls, 1904, p. 617.Note: This article and its sources were emended and supplemented on February 13, 2023. In 1903 the Chief of the Entiat Indian tribe, Shil-how-Saskt (Silico Saska) died. The Entiat speak English. The Wenatchis (or "P'squosa") were not given reservation land by the federal governmentthough they had actually signed a treaty, it was never recognized, and fell by the wayside as new settlers moved into their territory. Occasionally, to trade with or visit coastal relatives, the Chelans would canoe up to the head of the lake where they knew of a route that followed a swift stream between high peaks. [2], Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Chelan legends - "Creation of the first Indians", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelan_people&oldid=1151450686, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 04:06. The racial makeup of the city was 79.31% White, 0.52% African American, 1.67% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 16.51% from other races, and 1.78% from two or more races. The "third" town of Entiat was "officially" open for business in 1961. Raymond Finley, of the Kalispel Tribe of Indians, dances. As one history, published in 1929, notes, "Orondo was the gateway to the Entiat Valley, and in many respects both places are so inseparably linked that they may be regarded as one community" (Hull, 408). It is crucial to know the history of our area . The Entiat Mountains, or Entiat Range is a mountain range in the U.S. state of Washington. As more settlers arrived, other needs were met. Another on Wapato Point was home to about 100 people. [2], The Entiat enrollment of September 24, 1954 listed 113 Entiat.[3]. Loaded in 0.057 seconds / 51 queries. Wendell introduced us to Cheryl A. Grunlose, artist and member of the Lakes, Wenatchee, and Entiat bands of the Colville Confederated Tribes to create an art piece to complement the stories of the Entiat Tribe. Charles Glen King (18961988), biochemist, pioneer in the field of nutrition research, Entiat is located at the confluence of the Entiat and Columbia rivers. The chief died on February 10, 1903, and on June 1 his estate administrator sold the land to members of the pioneering Bonar family. The 12 tribes that make up the confederationtheir English and French names are the Colville, Nespelem, San Poil, Lake, Palus, Wenatchi (Wenatchee), Chelan, Entiat, Methow, southern Okanogan, Moses Columbia, and Chief Joseph Band of Nez Percewere from a large area, including parts of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Scheuerman, Richard D., John Clement, and Clifford E. Trafzer. 1897, Family on footbridge, Entiat River, ca. Some sources report that he had closer ties to the Lakes than the Colville. Dr. Smith enjoyed good relations with Chilcosahaskt and his people, and they would ferry him by canoe across the turbulent Columbia to explore the Entiat Valley and do some prospecting. Copyright 2017 Okanagan Nation Alliance. Happily, only the final act need be briefly summarized here. The Entiat probably had a small- er population than neighboring tribes. As I had mentioned before, I am a member of the Wenatchi Tribe, born and raised here in Wenatchee. E.P. By the 1860s, smallpox epidemics had virtually ended tribal warfare, due to the drastic decrease in population. Chilcosahaskt and Wapato John were half-brothers, sharing a mother, Ken-em-tiq't, a Skokomish from west of the Cascades. They spoke a version of the Salish language, also called . In 1888, just one year after the Detwilers arrived in Entiat, steam-powered sternwheelers began regular runs up the Columbia River, from Wenatchee all the way to Brewster, approximately 60 river miles to the northeast. In 1903 the Chief of the Entiat Indian tribe, Shil-how-Saskt (Silico Saska) died. The Entiat are members of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, a federally recognized tribe. The Sanpoil territory centers around the Sanpoil River Valley, extending north to the boundary of the current Colville Reservation. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest: Book on the history of the Northwest Coast tribes, including a section on the Chelan. Orientation. Prepared by the Colville Confederated Tribes History/Archaeology Program Not For Distribution - Educational Purposes Only. John Detwiler claimed a homestead near the mouth of the Entiat River; Lewis settled about three miles upriver in the lower Entiat Valley. This much can be said with some confidence: In 1896 or 1897 John G. Ely (1837-1915), who had come to the Entiat Valley from Iowa in 1895 to farm, bought a site from Chilcosahaskt that was located on the north bank of the Entiat River, about one-half mile west of its confluence with the Columbia. The population was 1,326 at the 2020 census. Sometimes the Chelan (lmxx - "People at the Deep Water, i.e. The first town to be called Entiat was built on land Chilcosahaskt had owned, and years after his death his relatives almost ended up owning the site of the second. By June 1893 he had succeeded, but it would be two decades before rails would reach the Columbia River towns north of Wenatchee. Nespelem George served his people as a peacemaker and mediator. The first public school was established in Entiat in 1891. A number of reservations were established, only to be later altered (almost always diminished) or rescinded. The river that they lived on, the Wenatchee River, had one of the greatest runs of salmon in the world prior to numerous hydroelectric dams being put in on the downstream Columbia, pollution and other issues, and was their main food source. The Nespelem Territory starts north at the headwaters of the Nespelem River and heading south of the Columbia River. About 9.1% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entiat_people&oldid=1151450546, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 04:04. The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 13.8% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. After its first relocation, the town grew slowly. Our Nation is comprised of seven member communities in the Southern Interior of British Columbia: Okanagan Indian Band, Osoyoos Indian Band, Penticton Indian Band, Upper Nicola Band, Upper and Lower Similkameen Indian Bands, and Westbank First . It is the only island that can produce the following resources: Sun Tiles using Sun Tree. The earliest crop was a wide variety of apples, which the homesteaders would pick, sort, pack, and send off to market.

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