Teoreticheskie osnovy i opyt introduktsii drevesnykh rastenii v Ukraine. For example, Widrlechner et al. Synthesis report. USDA Zones 3a through 4b are represented in North Dakota. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2010 Nursery software. The new map also identifies a region in zone 7b around Lewiston in western Idaho, northeast of Walla Walla (Fig. 2630N to lat. It allows them to refine the timing of plant shipments by location based on delivery zip code, so plants are delivered at an optimal time for a nursery's customers, or for direct sale, in the case of mass retailers. In 1936, a slightly different approach was taken by Wyman [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1936], who also produced a revised plant hardiness map for the United States, this time based on the PH statistic averaged over the years 18951935. Plant Sci. 814. Visit the ARS Plant Hardiness Zone Website, US Forest Service, FM-RM-VE Pienaar, K. 1996 The ultimate book of trees and shrubs for southern African gardeners. PRISM develops local regression functions (one for each grid cell on a map) between a predictor grid of an explanatory variable (most commonly elevation) and a climatic variable, for every grid cell. Washington state's winemaking history. USDA Zones 11b through 13b are represented in Puerto Rico. Sci. 10 Feb. 2010. 2003 The USDA plant hardiness zone map, 2003 edition Amer. Frost and winter protection for grape, Plant high night temperature tolerance zones describing and predicting summer night temperature patterns and the southern limits of plant adaptation, A climatic classification of plant hardiness in the United States and Canada, Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change, The USDA plant hardiness zone map, 2003 edition. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. Revised 1981. Litzow, M. & Pellett, H. 1980 Relationship of rest to dehardening in red-osier dogwood HortScience 15 92 93, Mather, J.R. & Yoshioka, G.A. Symp. These are an abbreviated growing season, with freezes possible in any month, and rapid, strong fluctuations in winter temperatures (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980), which, when they occur on both sides of the freezing point, can initiate drastic dehardening and cause winter injury. These are separated into 2.8 C (5 F) half zones, denoted by an a or b. Hardiness-zone maps based on this same general zonation system have been developed for many parts of the world, including Australia (Dawson, 1991), China (Widrlechner, 1997a), Europe (Heinze and Schreiber, 1984), Japan (Hayashi, 1990), southern Africa (Pienaar, 1996), and Ukraine (Widrlechner et al., 2001). 5Corresponding author. J. Enol. Abokkusha, Kamakura-shi, Japan. 1:16,360,000.) 51 333 351, Diffenbaugh, N.S., Pal, J.S., Trapp, R.J. & Giorgi, F. 2005 Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change Proc. Widrlechner, M.P. Plant Sci. In: S. Cluet and T. Milo (eds.). To help develop the new map, USDA and OSU requested that horticultural and climatic experts review the zones in their geographic area, and trial versions of the new map were revised based on their expert input. The map is available as an interactive GIS-based map, for which a broadband Internet connection is recommended, and as static images for those with slower Internet access. Heinze and Schreiber (1984) presented a comprehensive review of this topic, detailing the history and application of long-term climatological data to relate patterns of woody-plant adaptation to low-temperature injury. The maps are based on extreme minimum temperatures to typical high temperatures. Read our. Find your U.S. Sunset climate zone. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter temperature, divided into 10-degree F zones and further divided into 5-degree F half-zones. Acad. Upon which of the following turfgrass organs can nodes develop. Third, the Black Hills, a large island of mountainous, forested vegetation has a substantial influence on woody-plant survival. Although the eastern United States has somewhat similar latitudinal patterns, they are modulated by elevational and coastal influences. Plant Sci. Clearly, the world's climate is dynamic (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), and zone boundaries may change in the future, based on modeled relationships between climate change and the occurrence of extreme low-temperature events (Diffenbaugh et al., 2005). 1994 Exploring the complexities of plant hardiness Arnoldia 54 3 22 31. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. U.S. Census Bureau 2003 Census 2000 PHC-T-29. Specific weather events causing plant injury on a case-by-case basis may yield insights on factors influencing adaptation [see Bachtell and Green (1985) for an example from the Chicago region and Gu et al. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness . Choosing the right plants that will thrive in your yard and garden can be difficult. However, some of the changes in the zones are a result of new, more sophisticated methods for mapping zones between weather stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2012 USDA plant hardiness zone map. Tanino (eds.). 22 Apr. 9 Aug. 2010. Notably, the model's highest predicted survival rates (about 60%) also occur in the Black Hills, near Spearfish. 12030W to long. Temperature data from 7983 stations were obtained for the United States and Puerto Rico, and adjacent regions in Canada and Mexico (to fill in gaps in coverage near these international borders). The map is based on the average annual minimum winter . PRISM Climate Group 2010 PRISM climate group. USDA has classified the entire United States into 13 plant hardiness zones based on their average, annual minimum . In some cases, they resulted in changes to cooler, rather than warmer, zones. Climate of South Dakota, p. 688703. Their recommendations can be more quickly and accurately developed by entering a location's zip code, confirming its zone, and relating the zones to published information about plant adaptation. However, vineyards are typically not viable in regions where such killing freezes occur more frequently than every 8 to 10 years. Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. . U.S. Geological Survey 2006 National elevation dataset. A zone map for mean annual moisture balance in the north central United States, Insights into woody plant adaptation and practical applications. Geographers 58 29 41, McKenney, D.W., Hutchinson, M.F., Kesteven, J.L. E-mail: isumw@iastate.edu. Category. 2006 valuation de la tolrance de neuf rhododendrons aux diverses conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien Can. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. South Dakota maps of the spatial distribution of (A) moisture index (Im); (B) updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM); and (C) 10-year survival rate (S0) of woody plants introduced from Yugoslavia to the north-central United States, derived from the regression equation of Widrlechner et al. (2006), Scheiber et al. <. In: L.V. Gusta, M.E. The model might locally overestimate survival because the Black Hills have two special climatic characteristics detrimental to woody-plant adaptation, which are unlike the remainder of the north-central United States, where the model was developed (and unlike much of the former nation of Yugoslavia). With the publication of a moisture-balance map for the north-central United States (Widrlechner, 1999), information from the 1990 PHZM could then be combined with that from the moisture-balance map to generate crude predictions of plant survival based on the regression equation. Publ. The USDA Office of Sustainability and Climate has developed an interactive storymap to show what the potential intensification of climate change through this century will look like in the coterminous United States. But as the body of research on relationships among climatic factors and patterns of plant adaptation grows, opportunities will undoubtedly arise for the creation and refinement of the next generation of plant hardiness zone maps. Frequency of years with annual extreme minimum temperatures that are colder or warmer than the mapped plant hardiness zone for a given location, based on standard deviations (see Fig. The accurate prediction of winter injury caused by low-temperature events is a key component of the effective cultivation of woody and herbaceous perennial plants. 1 Feb. 2012. The accurate prediction of winter injury caused by low-temperature events is a key component of the effective cultivation of woody and herbaceous perennial plants. .ashs_container div{ USDA Zones 5a through 7a are represented in Illinois. Compared with the 1990 PHZM, the updated map's fine resolution at 800 m for the conterminous United States combined with zooming ability permits a much more accurate assessment of the risk of winter injury across existing horticultural production areas (Fig. The USDA Office of Sustainability and Climate has developed an interactive storymap to show what the potential intensification of climate change through this century will look like in the coterminous United States. Although GDD varies across the US, the projection shows that the growing season will considerably increase everywhere. Hawaii encompasses a wide range of zones, from 9a on the summits of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea to zone 13a in the mildest coastal locations. USDA Zones 5b through 8a are represented in Maryland. Flora's winter adaptability (a plant hardiness zone map). Naukova Dumka, Kiev, Ukraine. Gusta, M.E. The wine project. USDA Zones 3b through 6a are represented in New Hampshire. Climatography of the United States No. USDA Zones 3a through 6a are represented in Montana. USDA Zones 3b through 7b are represented in Idaho. 2004 Extreme weather: A guide and record book. Because of the dynamic nature of climate, the most appropriate use of plant hardiness zones is for the retroactive evaluation of plant performance within the same time span used to generate the map being applied. Hort. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. Vol. Bot. National Gardening Association 2010 NGA plant finder. 5003. These advances greatly improved the accuracy and detail of the map, especially in mountainous regions of the western United States. Sketch Publications, Vashon, WA. 1985 Two winters with record cold: Why was one a killer and the other not so bad? We selected South Dakota as an example to illustrate such a map for two reasons: first, because there were long-term trial sites that reported data from four of its neighboring states, but none in South Dakota. Stations located in mountainous areas were included in large numbers for the first time. Another characteristic of native aster plants is their ability to adapt. Publ. Plant Sci. (2009) presented a 90-year dataset from the Okanagan Valley, BC, Canada, that verified a strong association between such events and winter injury for a wide range of fruit crops. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. USDA Zones 5a through 11a are represented in South California. They were developed in response to the many requests received by USDA-ARS for a database that links zip codes to plant hardiness zones. width: 100%; The West's climate zones, p. 2763. 1998 Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: Biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales J. Biogeogr. 2000 valuation de la tolrance du Thuja occidentalis L. et de huit de ses cultivars aux conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien Can. (Map with manual). 2012 Development of a new USDA plant hardiness zone map for the United States J. Appl. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Clim. Tanino (eds.). Astilbe. As an example, the Walla Walla region in southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon has been considered a premium wine region since the 1860s (Irvine and Clore, 1997). Although a poster-sized version of this map will not be available for purchase from the government as in the past, anyone may download the map free of charge from the Internet onto their personal computer and print copies of the map as needed. USDA Zones 7a through 9a are represented in Alabama. . 1990 A climatic classification of plant hardiness in the United States and Canada Agr. Plant hardiness zones can simply be defined as an area which is occupied by certain groups of plant life.. That being said, plants are living organisms which has thr the ability to manufacture their own food by themselves . For example, zone 6a extends southward along the Appalachian Mountains into northern Georgia, but also extends along the Atlantic coastline as far north as Maine. J. Climatol. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, Ukraine. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. A common method employed to visualize geographic patterns in the severity of low-temperature events is to map a climatological variable that closely correlates with plant survival. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. rhizomes, roots, tillers, primary shoots, stolons. The bulk of these requests fall into three categories: Requests from governmental agencies. Buyukkokten, O., Cho, J., Garcia-Molina, H., Gravano, L. & Shivakumar, N. 1999 Exploiting geographical location information of web pages, p. 9196. We present a short history of PHZM development, culminating in the recent production of a new, high-resolution version of the PHZM, and discuss how such maps relate to winterhardiness per se and to other climatic factors that affect hardiness. USDA Zones 3b through 6a are represented in Maine. 20 77 81, Mills, L.J., Ferguson, J.C. & Keller, M. 2006 Cold hardiness evaluation of grapevine buds and cane tissues Amer. North America has 13 zones, with the lowest number indicating the coldest region. Levitt, J. In addition, it also is important to recognize and account for important modifying factors. Some plants can survive colder winter temperatures than others. & Smith, J.I. Take note of these differences as well to help you identify the species. A challenge for developing more refined hardiness zonation is how best to apply GIS tools and sophisticated interpolation techniques to the creation of zone maps that incorporate and weight appropriately all the key climatic factors influencing the adaptation of a wide spectrum of perennial plants. See Table 1 for temperature ranges of zones (1 km = 0.6214 mile). Tanino (eds.). Second, the more local effect of cold-air drainage and pooling, common in certain river valleys, is readily apparent. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Beyond the green industry, other firms also market products based on seasonal temperature considerations. This page has been archived and is being provided for reference purposes only. The 45 climate zones of the United States and Canada, p. 1678, In: National garden book. The zones with the warmest PH values are found in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (Fig. This map and subsequent updates using more recent meteorological data appeared in various publications in 1951, 1967, and 1971 (Wyman and Flint, 1985). In such areas, more than 300 years might transpire between winters that are one full hardiness zone colder than that mapped (Table 4). Pigott, C.D. Publ. & Wildung, D.K. Gardener 82 3 30 35, Gu, L., Hanson, P.J., Mac Post, W., Kaiser, D.P., Yang, B., Nemani, R., Pallardy, S.G. & Meyers, T. 2008 The 2007 eastern US spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world? Plant Sci. Plant hardiness zone map for the United States (revised). Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. LockA locked padlock USDA Misc. If they're not labeled, a quick Google search is always helpful. & Bartlein, P.J. The Lake Chelan region of central Washington is another example where the 1990 PHZM apparently failed to account for local variation by placing the region on the border between zones 6a and 5b (Fig. A newly updated, interactive PHZM for the United States and Puerto Rico has recently been produced (Fig. The first zone lies at the coldest and . Notably, there are highly significant positive correlations between AHS heat zones (Table 3) and plant hardiness zones in the central and southeastern United States (Fig. Heat zones map the number of days per year with a maximum temperature of. Amer. 2. 51 242 264, Davenport, J.R., Keller, M. & Mills, L.J. 6C) conform closely to the boundaries of Kchler's (1964) Black Hills Pine Forest. Shortly thereafter, Kincer (1928) produced a similar map, but based instead on the mean annual extreme minimum temperature [the lowest temperature recorded in 1 yearherein referred to as the plant hardiness (PH) statistic], scaled by 5.6 C (10 F) intervals. 1. & Venier, L.A. 2001 Canada's plant hardiness zones revisited using modern climate interpolation techniques Can. American Horticultural Society Plant Heat Zones (adapted from Cathey, 1997). The new mapjointly developed by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University's (OSU) PRISM Climate Groupis available online at planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Data from more weather stations has been collected and more . Vol. background: #ddd; This regression equation emerged from analyses of the results of a 10-year, multisite evaluation of a broad range of trees and shrubs introduced from the former nation of Yugoslavia during the 1970s, as part of the NC7 Regional Ornamental Plant Trials (Widrlechner, 2004). USDA Zones 1a through 8b are represented in Alaska. USDA Zones 3b through 5b are represented in Vermont. The new mapjointly developed by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS . CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Manag. 58 315 319. The updated PHZM has full 5.6 C (10 F) zones, which are defined by the numbers 113. In addition to the new PHZM produced from the high-resolution PH-statistic grid, the grid itself is also a valuable tool for horticulture. State and local natural resource conservation agencies also consult plant hardiness zones to craft guidelines for recommended trees and landscape plants for specific jurisdictions. ensure high-quality, safe food and other agricultural products; assess the nutritional needs of Americans; sustain a competitive agricultural economy; enhance the natural resource base and the environment; and. The juxtaposition of the current and projected maps along with the slider between them allows the user to visualize the significant contrast between the present and future potential high emissions scenario. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1936 Atlas of American agriculture: Physical basis including land relief, climate, soils, and natural vegetation of the United States. Hort. USDA Zones 4b through 9b are represented in Oregon. (1992) published a regression equation for predicting the survival of Yugoslavian woody plants in the north-central United States in terms of the PH statistic and moisture balance, Im. 6C. Zone maps are tools that show where various permanent landscape plants can adapt. Such tools to facilitate zip code-based website searches were first developed in the 1990s. The statement " usda plant hardiness zones are used to identify the adaptation areas for different turfgrass species " is false.. What is meant by plant hardiness zones? Select plants from the correct hardiness zone that can tolerate the average lowest winter temperatures a region experiences. 13. <, Performance of landscape plants from Yugoslavia in the north central United States, A geographic assessment of the risk of naturalization of non-native woody plants in Iowa, Collecting landscape trees and shrubs in Ukraine for the evaluation of aesthetic quality and adaptation in the north central United States. Thornthwaite, C.W. It enables viewers to examine plant hardiness zones at a much finer scale than ever before. If you want a shrub, perennial, or tree to survive and grow year after year, the plant . Climate. Average annual minimum temperatures determine these zones. Mailstop Code: 1103 Most growers expect their newly established vineyard to remain productive for 30 years or more. However, zones with winters as warm as those of southern Alabama occur along the Gulf of Alaska coastline and Aleutians. . & Mitchell, R.B. USDA Zones 9a through 13a are represented in Hawaii. USDA Zones 5b through 7b are represented in Missouri. It also includes national, state and regional images in a variety of resolutions, and a ZIP code finder that provides the plant hardiness zone for all U.S. ZIP codes. Hort. Clearly, the PH statistic is an important determinant (or a strong correlate of determinants) of the long-term survival and adaptation of perennial plants, but other climatic factors can also be very strong determinants (Skinner, 1962; Thompson et al., 2000). USDA Zones 5b through 8a are represented in Tennessee. USDA Zones 7a and 7b are represented in Delaware. 3) And finally, during the late winter and early spring, plants may deharden when exposed to temperatures above freezing, having satisfied physiological rest requirements (Litzow and Pellett, 1980), and can then suffer damage from subsequent low-temperature events. 8 Feb. 2010. Recently released products of these efforts are described in detail below. The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. First, a general southeast to northwest gradient in predicted percentages of plant survival can be observed, from about 40% survival in the extreme southeast corner of South Dakota to less than 10% in the northwest. Nonetheless, the 1990 PHZM mapped much of the Walla Walla Valley in a warmer hardiness zone (7a) than were the Columbia and Yakima Valleys (6b) farther to the west (Fig. Cornell University 2006 Flower growing guides. In: Climates of the states, 2nd ed., vol. . In: S. Cluet and T. Milo (eds.). Also, the new map used temperature data from many more stations than did the 1990 map. Sabuco (1989) created a modified plant hardiness zone map called Floradapt that incorporated snow cover, cloud cover, and wind speeds as modifying factors to refine the PH statistic, but the underlying methodology has not been published. (A) Two-degree latitudinal intervals along a long. 46 211 226, DeGaetano, A.T. & Shulman, M.D. Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. PRISM accounts for the effects of elevation, terrain-induced air-mass blockage, coastal proximity, temperature inversions, and cold-air pooling on extreme minimum-temperature patterns (Daly et al., 2008). Atlas of American agriculture: Physical basis including land relief, climate, soils, and natural vegetation of the United States. Their zonation system has been successfully applied in Canadian horticultural research (Richer et al., 2006; Richer-Leclerc et al., 1994, 1996; Rioux et al., 2000, 2004) and formed the basis of an updated map generated from modern climatic interpolation techniques (McKenney et al., 2001). Attempts to understand the highly variable climate of California on plant adaptation may have been the impetus for the broader, multivariate climatic zonation system developed by Sunset in California, first exclusively for the western United States, but expanded in 1997 to the eastern United States (Sunset, 1997) and, in 2001, to southwestern Canada, Alaska, and Hawaii (Brenzel, 2001). Comparison of the 1990 Plant Hardiness Zone Map [PHZM (A)] and the updated version (B) for Oregon and Washington. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. One or more long-term evaluation sites should be established within the Black Hills to incorporate this unusual climatic region into the NC7 Regional Ornamental Plant Trials and begin testing hypotheses about the climatic determinants of woody-plant adaptation. Blueberry Basics for Beginners. .item01 { In South Dakota, cold-air drainage influences plant survival most notably between Pierre and Rapid City, along the Bad and Cheyenne Rivers, where survival was estimated to be <20% (Fig. 1990 Climatic control of vegetation distribution: The role of the water balance Amer. The new version of the map includes 13 zones, with the addition for the first time of zones 12 (50-60 degrees Fahrenheit) and 13 (60-70 degrees Fahrenheit). The new map is generally one 5-degree Fahrenheit half-zone warmer than the previous map throughout much of the United States. of Connecticut, Storrs. Preliminary efforts to update the 1990 PHZM in 2003 (Ellis, 2003) relied on outdated methodologies, leading to a draft map that was not adopted by USDA-ARS. Norton, New York. 3. In support of this development, the updated PHZM identifies mesoclimates near Lake Chelan ranging from zone 6b to 7a with the warmer areas around the town of Chelan (Fig. 7 May 2010. The new USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is more sophisticated and accurate than any other previously developed. 61 189 202. 3645N transect extending from long. But the picture is somewhat different when differences in the PH statistic were evaluated solely for the two 15-year periods that encompass the 30-year interval (19762005) used to develop the most recent update (Daly et al., 2012). Sta. 1981 Nature of seed sterility and natural regeneration of Tilia cordata near its northern limit in Finland Ann. Macmillan, New York. & Taylor, W.G. Vol. USDA Zones 5b through 6b are represented in Ohio. Publ. WASHINGTONThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today released the new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating a useful tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 1990 with greater accuracy and detail. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1960 Plant hardiness zone map for the United States. 2001 Collecting landscape trees and shrubs in Ukraine for the evaluation of aesthetic quality and adaptation in the north central United States. height: 4px; Locked padlock Publ. (1997). III. 1964 Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. True/False: Tall fescue adaptation is restricted to the humid zone. This feature has been developed in two forms, a freely available single-query tool on the website and a large-scale, batch process tool for commercial applications. She is also a Master Gardener with over 40 years' experience; writing for over 20 years. USDA Unveils New Plant Hardiness Zone Map By Kim Kaplan January 25, 2012 WASHINGTONThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today released the new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating a useful tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 1990 with greater accuracy and detail. 1018, was supported by USDA-ARS Research Project 3625-21000-053, Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds, and a Specific Cooperative Agreement between the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University. Publ. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map consists of 13 individual zones that take in all of the contiguous United States, plus Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The regression equation is SO = 0.0309 PH + 0.0048 Im + 1.2671, where SO is the overall proportion of plants surviving after 10 years, and Im is calculated following Mather and Yoshioka (1968): Im = [(annual mean precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) 1]. Zones in this edition of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) are based on 1976-2005 weather data. 48N in the central United States (P value of regression line < 0.0001); (B) two-degree latitudinal intervals along a long. 1991 Plant hardiness zones for Australia Austral. In 2004, USDA-ARS initiated another effort to update the 1990 map, guided by modern standards of geostatistical analysis, accuracy, and resolution. Larcher, W. 2005 Climatic constraints drive the evolution of low temperature resistance in woody plants J. Agr. Gale Research, Detroit, MI. Compared to the 1990 version, zone boundaries in this edition of the map have shifted in many areas. 8 Feb. 2010. Hardiness zones in China. Citation: HortTechnology hortte 22, 1; 10.21273/HORTTECH.22.1.6. Plant Sci. 3-Sand. An extensive coastal strip of zone 13a delineates low-elevation areas moderated by nearby ocean temperatures. These considerations suggest that winter survival is much more likely in zones 7a or warmer zones, with cold injury very unlikely in zones 8a and above. Academic Press, New York. Generally, nurseries don't bother labeling plants with "a" or "b.". In the north-central United States, Widrlechner et al. Hort. (2002), Schrader and Graves (2003), Szalay et al. FAO/IPGRI Plant Genet Resources Nwsl. 2002 Stem and leaf hardiness of 12 Abelia taxa J. Environ.

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