Gk#3Sg 1 They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. However, the Sakuye herd camels primarily, whereas the Borana are mostly a cattle people. Berlin: Reimer, 1991. The Gadaa assembly takes place under a sycamore tree, symbolically representing its emphasis on dialogue and consensus. In this example, we have an age requirement, genealogical relationship, and moiety. Scholars and. The Borana traditional religion is monotheistic; they worship Waaq (or Waaq, Waaqa or Wak). 0000013193 00000 n The five Gadaa parties have different names among Boorana, Maccaa-Tuulama, Arsii, Gujii and Ituu-Humbannaa.[22][23]. For five hundred years, the Borana have religiously followed this system of ruling themselves because it has kept them together, in unity. %PDF-1.4 % of the abba gada - can be held by either moiety. Below this assembly was the Hayyus or councillors who made the less weighty decisions. RM HWJN1X - Kura Jarso the 71st Borana Oromo Abba gadaa and his councilors, Oromia, Yabelo, Ethiopia. ;.En!PHI Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. Russ Heltman. 0000006983 00000 n The name of the most senior man in each group becomes the name of the group as a whole. yuuba I-IV) covers twenty-seven total years. Therefore, the Abba Gada in the Oromo Gada system is rightfully considered as the prime minister rather than a president who can make decisions alone. The Borana is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people.They live in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region and Liben Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, former Northern Frontier District of Northern Kenya,Tana River in the former coast province of Kenya and also in central Somalia.Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share . Hence when such event occurs, additional councilor (s) will be elected to fill the gap (serve as substitutes for deceased councilor (s). Men who married could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. In this respect, Gadaa is a holistic (social, economic, political and religious) system in essence and perhaps this fact made it difficult to define unanimously the Gadaa system by simple and clear terms. Portuguese products available Online we mail to all lower 48 states. Just another site . rules are determined by Abba Gada (the leader of Oromo democratic institution named Gada in which Borana is one of the branches) together with council of elders or messengers of Abba Gada. In nutshell senior gamme had to undergo three main collective social activities (as part of Gadaa development): age-sets formation (hariyya), rendezvous (Walargi), and feast (nyachisa) ceremonies covering the entire eight-year period. He Indigenous knowledge of the Oromo community in Ethiopia in general and Borana pastoralists in particular were . The other is a system in which the members are recruited equally strictly on the basis of genealogical generations. The Gadaa System is a system of generation segments or Gadaa classes that succeeded each other every eight years in assuming political, military, judicial, legislative and ritual responsibilities. Friday 28 April, 2023 Horn Affairs News Articles Interviews It is evident from the Boran Gadaa history that there is the high percentage of premature (before assuming political power) death. These parties have different names in different parts of Oromia as the result of Oromo expansion and the establishment of different autonomous administrative systems. The second has little to do with age. 2 (Summer, 1956), pages 171-190, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics", https://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=14769, 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boorana&oldid=1152099502, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 05:55. . The status being a councilor in Gada Harboora is quite different from being a councilor in Gada Hawattu or Konniitu.The Gada system is not a system where authority is simply passed from fathers to sons. They were the Gada class or the Warra Bora. Every aspect of their culture is captured in song and handed down from one generation to the next. This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana Oromo but also a viable socio-political system to date, comparable to no other region in Oromiya. Dabballe is unique and they have a special place in the Boran society. In this regard, research have been undertaken to examine Gada system of different Oromo clans. As of today the Borana boundaries were infiltrated by all three current governments surrounding the Borana territory which include Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. By Ibrahim A. Elemo (M.D., MPH) The Borana Oromo has a very prominent traditional system of governance-the Gada System. Borana are polygamous, with a husband being the head of the family. However, the Boran did adopt a practical solution to the gap created due to late born sons, commonly known as sons of elders (ilmaan jaarsaa); It refers to sons born to a man that has passed the stage of fatherhood, the Raba grade). Borana. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. These councilors must pass through a rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gada. Seldom did division occur even among the council men because they were of the same age set like the ones who ruled before them. Nevertheless, they continue to gather as many age-mates as they can during this period too. The late Donald Levine has said[26] that Gadaa is "one of the most complex systems of social organization ever devised by the human imagination". They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. In Western thought, the life cycle (which is bracketed by birth and death) time (which is well demarcated with mechanical devices and history (which is also mechanically recorded by chroniclers) are reasonably discrete phenomena. In principle, every member of a Gadaa class has to attend the rite of transition. The laws, norms, values, and ideals of the Gadaa System are compatible with existing international human rights instruments. The Gadaa men and Yubas duties also include transferring knowledge and skills associated with the functions of the democratic Gadaa System to the members of succeeding grades. The Borana Gada council of Ethiopia has been involved in Kenyan democratic elections for a long time to achieve the desired political goals. By Kana Golicha on 19th February 2022 | . 0000007783 00000 n Like modern parliaments today this Borana parliament would summon sittings to make, repel or ensure that the laws were being followed. Where a rightly born son perfectly fits into the principle, the late-born sons cannot, and the option they have is to run behind their elder brothers. This case indicates that although ex-Gadaa Council (now yuuba) are in the semi-retired category, it does not necessarily mean that they are debarred or relieved from Gadaa service in general. One of the most important Gadaa grades is the Kuusa Gadaa grade. Page 1 of 1. The Oromo have used age-sets because generation-sets cannot be an effective means to mobilize troops and a quite distinct organization based on the closeness of age . These were the Abbaa Cha a, the chair of the assembly, Abbaa Dubbi, the speaker, Abbaa Seera, the Memorizer of laws Abbaa Alanga the judge, Abbaa Duula, the army commander, Abbaa saa in charge of the economy. namely the Gada class or the Warra Bora. 0000002322 00000 n The yuuba (semi-retired assemblymen) cover four Gadaa grades: yuuba VII, yuuba VIII, yuuba IX, and yuuba X. At Raba (Gadaa grade V) the basic organization of this executive organ (i.e. Abba Herrega (an appointed officer who age and initiation only) the more it gets easier and the more recruitment elements increase (e.g. The end of a discussion to issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the father of resolution was there to make sure of that. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. The people would hold elections to elect a new crop of leaders every eight years according to tradition, Indeed, democracy existed in Africa long before the white man ever set foot on the African continent and strong, age old dynasties are not the preserve of Europe and Asia. Second, the group of men who are entering into the gadamojji grade is the fathers of the fifth Gadaa grade (the raba). 0000001892 00000 n This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana [] Accordingly, all semi-retired members belonging to all yuuba grades will attend the Gadaa General Assembly. 0000002053 00000 n They are recognizable by their hairstyle known as guduru which is typically feminine (the Borana likens them to girls at this stage). In the state of Oromia under the Federal system of Ethiopia, the Gadaa system started a renaissance across Oromia. Major Oromo clans have established the centers of their Gadaa at several places based on their territorial settlement. The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Spiritually, Boranas have a supreme spiritual leader known as Fite Qalu. Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. Abba Gadas: The Ancient Borana Leadership System. The Gada system is a class system that succeeds each other every eight years in assuming political-military administration, economic management, and other social activities. The first one is the system in which the members of each class are recruited strictly on the basis of chronological age which the anthropologists call Age Sets(read more in chapter 5). However, given the length of the waiting years (to become de jure leader) factors such as natural (health) and human (wars) may contribute to the death of some of the councilors. In the border regions of Ethiopia-Kenya and southwestern Somalia, one estimate places about 1,094,000 people as Boranas. The system covers political, social, economical and spiritual ways of life. So far different scholars have used different terms to express the generational relationship social stratification among the Boran. That of a lion which represents strength and domination (4); and. Each Gadaa class remains in power during a specific term (Gadaa ) which begins and ends with a formal transfer ceremony. That is, in principle, a son always enters the system exactly forty years (i.e. The first has nothing to do with genealogical ties. As of today the nine wells of Borana (Tulla Saglan), traditional settlements and their traditional grazing land are scattered across these colonial boundaries and others are inaccessible to the larger Boranas. It is still able to preserve its structural values though various external challenges tested it to abolish or decline it through time. Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share a dialect with Dirr communities of Somalia, a language that is closely related to both Borana Language and Somali Language. IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA:THE OROMOFROM THE 16TH TO THE 19THCENTURY, When the GadaaDemocracy Rules in a FederalState, OROMO PEOPLEHOOD: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL OVERVIEW. For example, according to Boran diction, the term Dulo dule signifies that the Gadaa class of Dulo (waging war and it was one of the five Gadaa classes) had conducted military expedition. Furthermore, Abba Gadaa (the president) belonging to the outgoing Gadaa Council has to appoint (before handing over the power to the incoming Gadaa class) six men from among the ex-members of the Gadaa Council that are now in the semi-retired (yuuba) Gadaa grade. Their time cuts across two consecutive supreme leaders and they serve and take instructions from both. 4 0 obj Post author: Post published: December 1, 2021 Post category: usmc drill instructor speech Post comments: family tree vincent tan first wife family tree vincent tan first wife micro wedding packages dfw; pygmy goats for sale in central illinois; My Cart Borana have their own form of an overhaul system for the last 567 years that is recognized by UNESCO as a heritage that needs to be protected. The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Accordingly, the objective of the election is obviously to elect members of a Gada Council (executive organ) known as the Gadaa Council (adula), which includes the Abba Gada office and others (more discussion on the Gadaa Council is held under separate section). Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. In principle, the transfer of the power regularly takes place during the end-term of the Gadaa Council on power. Second, generational relationship and generation-set are mutually interdependent, due to likened lives and interlocking trajectories across the generations. in the fourth year of Abba Gadaas term office). There is an intergenerational correspondence between the hemicycles that: the first Gadaa grade is linked to the fifth, the second is linked to the sixth, the third is linked to the eighth, the fourth is likened to the ninth, the fifth is likened to the tenth, and the sixth is likened to the liminal/final (Gadamojjii) stage. Abba Gada, jaarsaa dheeda, jaarsaa reera, jaarsaa ardaa and abba olla. The Abagadha is the overall in charge of all affairs of the Borana community and answerable to the Gumi Gayo (parliament). His main responsibility included assisting the Abbaa Boku, especially during the time of war. He and his team will vote from 17 sub-clans of Borana, one parliament member from each sub-clan. Despite kinship relationships are being such an important factor in Oromo society, those who are elected to office are expected to serve without regard to kinship ties. [19], The Gadaa society was structured into peer groups based on chronological age or genealogical generation called Luba. The class in power is headed by Abba Gadaa in Borana, Abba Bokku elsewhere. Courtesy: Keywords: Gadaa, indigenous institution, Oromo, conflict resolution, Awash River Basin, Borana. 0000002285 00000 n The entire grade progresses through eleven different grades, each based on an eight-year cycle, and each with its own set of rights and responsibilities.[20]. The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and six other very important officials who ran the Borana administration. Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. Each active Gadaa classbeyond the first three gradeshas its own internal leadership (Adula) and its own assembly (yaaaa), but the leaders of the class become the leaders of the nation when their class comes to power in the middle of the life cyclea stage of life called Gadaa among the Boran or Luba among the central Oromo. Regarding their authority in all the matters regarding the Borana society, all the three Abba Gadas and the other three Adula Hayyus (senior councilor) have the same and equal authority, muraan wal-qixxe. There is an intergenerational correspondence between the hemicycles that: the first Gadaa grade is linked to the fifth, the second is linked to the sixth, the third is linked to the eighth, the fourth is likened to the ninth, the fifth is likened to the tenth, and the sixth is likened to the liminal/final (Gadamojjii) stage. Accordingly, the appointed individuals will become junior councilors for the incoming senior Gadaa councilors. He takes a seat at one end of the council as he has done at the beginning of his rule, eight years in total. Besides being a supreme spirituality in charge of prayer in all Borana gatherings, including the Borana parliament, he is also in charge of administration, who appoints other Qalu, putting them in charge of smaller administration units, which can be equated to a present state president, a Qalu who in turn appoints other smaller administrators in his jurisdiction called Jalab (governor) who are respectively in charge of smaller administration, meaning one Qalu is in charge of many Jalab under his state.

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